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Debt collectors

Validation, harassment and what collectors may not do.

Federal law

Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

After a discharge, creditors cannot collect the wiped-out debt from you

11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(2)

A bankruptcy discharge wipes out your personal liability for most debts in the case. After that, the law forbids creditors from suing, calling or otherwise trying to collect a discharged debt from you personally. A court can hold a creditor in contempt if there was no fair doubt that its conduct was barred.

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Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

A collection or charge-off must carry its real delinquency date

15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(a)(5)(A)

A company that reports an account placed for collection or charged off must tell the credit bureau the month and year the delinquency began, within 90 days. That date sets when the item must come off your report, and it does not change when the debt is sold.

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Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Make the company that reported the error investigate it

15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b)(1)

The company that reported the information — such as your servicer — must investigate when a credit bureau passes along your dispute, and fix what is wrong with every bureau. In many cases you can also dispute directly with that company, which must then investigate and report back to you.

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Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Most negative items must come off after 7 years

15 U.S.C. § 1681c(a)(a)(1), (4), (5)

Credit bureaus may not report collection accounts, charge-offs and most other negative items that are more than 7 years old. For a collection or charge-off, the 7 years start 180 days after the delinquency that led to it began — so, about 7½ years from the first missed payment that was never brought current. Paying, settling or re-selling the debt does not restart this clock. Bankruptcies can be reported for 10 years.

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Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Tell a debt collector to stop contacting you

15 U.S.C. § 1692c(c)

If you tell a debt collector in writing that you refuse to pay or want it to stop contacting you, it must stop. After that, it may only contact you to say it is ending its efforts or to tell you about a specific step it or the creditor may take, such as a lawsuit.

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Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

A collector who breaks the FDCPA can owe you damages

15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)

A debt collector that breaks the FDCPA is liable for your actual damages, additional damages of up to $1,000 the court may allow, and your costs and reasonable attorney's fees. A lawsuit must be filed within one year of the violation.

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Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

A written dispute stops collection until the collector verifies

15 U.S.C. § 1692g(b)

If you dispute the debt in writing within the 30-day validation period, the collector must stop collecting the disputed amount until it mails you verification of the debt or a copy of a judgment. The same applies if you ask in writing for the original creditor's name and address. Federal law sets a low bar for "verification": courts differ, and it does not require the original signed contract.

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Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

No lies or misleading claims by debt collectors

15 U.S.C. § 1692e

A debt collector may not lie or mislead you. It cannot misstate how much you owe, pretend to be a lawyer or government official, or threaten something it cannot legally do or does not intend to do. It also cannot report credit information it knows is false, or fail to say a debt is disputed.

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Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

No harassment or abuse by debt collectors

15 U.S.C. § 1692d

A debt collector may not harass, oppress or abuse you. That includes threats of violence, obscene language, and calling again and again to annoy you. Unless you agree, collectors also should not call before 8 a.m. or after 9 p.m. your time, or at times they know are inconvenient.

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Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

No unfair collection tactics, including improper foreclosure threats

15 U.S.C. § 1692f

A debt collector may not use unfair or unconscionable means to collect. It cannot collect fees or charges that your loan contract or the law does not allow. It also cannot take or threaten to take your property through a non-court process when it has no present right to it, no real intention to take it, or the property is legally exempt.

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Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Make a debt collector prove the debt (validation)

15 U.S.C. § 1692g(a)

A debt collector must send you a notice with the amount of the debt, the creditor's name, and your rights — in its first message or within 5 days. You then have 30 days to dispute the debt in writing or ask for the original creditor's name. If you do, the collector must stop collecting until it mails you verification.

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Federal lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Interest capped at 6% on debts from before service

50 U.S.C. § 3937(a)(1)

If you (or you and your spouse together) owed a debt before you entered military service, the interest rate is capped at 6% per year while you serve. For a mortgage, the cap lasts during service and for 1 year after. Interest above 6% is forgiven, not just delayed. You must send the creditor written notice and a copy of your orders.

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Federal regulationVerified Sep 23, 2026

No "silent" credit reporting by debt collectors

12 C.F.R. § 1006.30(a)

A debt collector may not report a debt to a credit bureau until it has first spoken with you about the debt, or mailed or electronically sent you a message about it and waited a reasonable time to learn whether it was undeliverable. This stops "passive" collection, where the first you hear of a debt is on your credit report.

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Federal regulationVerified Sep 23, 2026

No lawsuits or threats of lawsuits on time-barred debt

12 C.F.R. § 1006.26(b)

Once your state's statute of limitations has run on a debt, a debt collector may not sue you — or threaten to sue you — to collect it. Be careful: in many states a payment or written promise to pay can restart or revive the limitations period, so get advice before paying anything on an old debt.

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State laws

Alabama

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption (statutory amount adjusted periodically)

Ala. Code § 6-10-2

Alabama protects the homestead of every resident, up to 160 acres, from levy and sale to collect most debts, up to a dollar value. The statute’s base is $15,000; the amount is adjusted periodically, and our state profile reports $18,800 per owner.

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Alaska

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption for your principal residence (amount adjusted by regulation)

Alaska Stat. § 09.38.010(a)

Alaska protects your interest in the home you or your dependents use as a principal residence, up to a dollar cap. The statute states $54,000, but the amount is adjusted by regulation; our state profile reports $72,900 for 2026. Only one cap applies per residence.

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Arizona

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Arizona: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

A.R.S. §§ 12-548, 12-543

In Arizona, a creditor generally has 6 years to sue on a written contract made in Arizona or a credit card, and 3 years on an oral debt or open account. Be careful: this pass did not confirm whether a payment can restart the clock in this state, so get advice before paying on an old debt. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

No deficiency after a trustee sale of a small home; fair-value limits otherwise

Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 33-814(A), (G)

If your Arizona home is a one- or two-family dwelling on 2.5 acres or less and it is sold at a trustee sale, the lender cannot sue you for the rest of the debt. In other cases the lender must sue within 90 days, and the deficiency is limited by the home’s fair market value.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption up to $400,000 (adjusted for inflation)

Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 33-1101(A)

Arizona protects up to $400,000 of equity in the home you live in (house, condo, co-op or mobile home) from most creditors. The amount is adjusted for inflation each year. Only one homestead is allowed per married couple.

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Arkansas

State constitutionVerified Sep 23, 2026

Constitutional homestead for married persons and heads of family

Ark. Const. art. 9, § 3

Arkansas’s Constitution protects the homestead of a resident who is married or the head of a family from judgment liens and forced sale, except for purchase money, certain liens for improvements, and taxes. In a city or town the homestead is up to one acre (value limit $2,500), but never less than one-quarter acre regardless of value; rural homesteads are larger.

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California

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

California: debt buyers must show their records on request

Cal. Civ. Code § 1788.52

In California a debt buyer cannot send you collection letters unless it has proof of ownership, the charge-off balance and fees, the default or last-payment date, the original creditor and account number, every later buyer, and a copy of the agreement or a statement. If you ask in writing, it must send these free within 15 days or stop collecting. It cannot sue once the statute of limitations has run.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

California: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

Cal. Code Civ. Proc. §§ 337, 339, 360

In California, a creditor generally has 4 years to sue on a written contract or an open book account, and 2 years on an oral contract. A payment does not by itself revive a claim that has already expired (Code Civ. Proc. § 360), and debt buyers may not sue on expired debts (Civ. Code § 1788.56). After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Protection from owing more after a trustee sale (anti-deficiency)

Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 580d(a)

After a nonjudicial trustee sale in California, the lender cannot collect the difference between the sale price and what you owed. Separate rules also protect many purchase loans on homes of up to four units that the buyer lives in.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption: $300,000 to $600,000 of home equity

Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 704.730(a)–(b)

California protects part of the equity in the home you live in from most creditors, including in bankruptcy. The amount is the greater of $300,000 or the county median price for a single-family home the year before, up to $600,000, adjusted for inflation each year.

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Colorado

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Colorado: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

C.R.S. § 13-80-103.5(1)(a)

In Colorado, a creditor generally has 6 years to sue to recover a debt. Be careful: this pass did not confirm whether a payment can restart the clock in this state, so get advice before paying on an old debt. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption: $250,000 ($350,000 if 60+ or disabled)

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 38-41-201(1)(a)–(b)

Colorado protects up to $250,000 of equity in the home you live in from most creditors. The amount is $350,000 if the owner, a spouse or a dependent is 60 or older or disabled.

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Connecticut

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption up to $250,000

Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-352b(21)

Connecticut protects up to $250,000 of equity in your homestead from most money judgments. Equity means the market value minus liens on the home. A lower $75,000 limit applies to judgments for certain serious intentional wrongs.

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District of Columbia

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption for your residence, with no dollar cap

D.C. Code § 15-501(a)(14)

D.C. exempts a debtor’s interest in the real property used as the residence of the debtor or a dependent, including a co-op interest, from most creditors. The statute sets no dollar limit.

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Florida

State constitutionVerified Sep 23, 2026

Constitutional homestead: unlimited value, limited by acreage

Fla. Const. art. X, § 4(a)(1)

Florida’s Constitution protects your homestead from forced sale by most creditors, with no dollar limit. The limit is size: up to one-half acre inside a city or town, or up to 160 acres outside one. It does not protect against the mortgage used to buy or improve the home, or against property taxes.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Florida: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

Fla. Stat. § 95.11(2)(b), (3)

In Florida, a creditor generally has 5 years to sue on a written contract and 4 years on an unwritten contract or store account. Be careful: this pass did not confirm whether a payment can restart the clock in this state, so get advice before paying on an old debt. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Deficiency for an owner-occupied home is capped by fair market value

Fla. Stat. § 702.06

Florida allows a lender to seek a deficiency judgment, but for an owner-occupied home the deficiency cannot be more than the judgment amount minus the home’s fair market value on the sale date. The lender also has only one year after the sale to sue for a deficiency on a 1–4 unit home.

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Hawaii

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption: $20,000 or $30,000

Haw. Rev. Stat. § 651-92(a)

Hawaii protects an interest in one parcel of real property up to $30,000 in value for a head of family or a person 65 or older, and up to $20,000 for other people, from most money judgments.

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Idaho

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption up to $175,000

Idaho Code § 55-1003

Idaho protects up to $175,000 of equity in the home you live in from most creditors. The protection applies automatically once you occupy the home.

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Illinois

State lawNot yet verified

Deficiency only in the foreclosure case and only with personal service

735 ILCS 5/15-1508(e)

An Illinois lender can get a personal deficiency judgment only in the foreclosure case itself, and only if you were personally served or appeared in the case. If you were served only by publication and did not appear, no personal deficiency can be entered in that case.

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State lawNot yet verified

Homestead exemption: $50,000 per person

735 ILCS 5/12-901

Illinois protects up to $50,000 of equity in the home you live in (a house, farm, condo, co-op or mobile home). If two or more people own and live in it, each can claim up to $50,000, for a total of $100,000.

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Indiana

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Residence exemption (amount adjusted by rule)

Ind. Code § 34-55-10-2(c)(1)

Indiana protects some equity in the home you or a dependent live in from most creditors. The statute’s base amount is $15,000, but it is adjusted periodically by rule; our state profile reports $22,750 ($45,500 for spouses owning as tenants by the entirety).

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Iowa

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exempt from judicial sale, with no dollar cap

Iowa Code § 561.16

Iowa exempts your homestead from judicial sale by most creditors, with no dollar limit. The size limits are one-half acre inside a city plat or 40 acres elsewhere. A household can claim only one homestead. It does not protect against the mortgage on the home.

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Kansas

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead: unlimited value, limited by acreage

Kan. Stat. § 60-2301

Kansas protects your homestead from forced sale by most creditors with no dollar limit. The limits are size: up to 160 acres of farmland or one acre inside a city, or a manufactured or mobile home, occupied by you or your family. It does not protect against the mortgage on the home or property taxes.

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Kentucky

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption of $5,000

Ky. Rev. Stat. § 427.060

Kentucky protects up to $5,000 of your interest in the home you or a dependent use as a permanent residence from sale by most judgment creditors. It does not apply to your mortgage, or to debts that existed before you bought the home.

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Louisiana

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption of $35,000

La. Rev. Stat. § 20:1(A)(1)–(2)

Louisiana protects up to $35,000 in value of the home you live in from seizure and sale by most creditors, on up to 5 acres in a city or 200 acres outside one. For debts that come directly from a catastrophic or terminal illness or injury, the full value is protected.

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Maine

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Maine: debt buyers must plead and attach proof

32 M.R.S. § 11019

In Maine a debt buyer may not start a collection lawsuit unless the complaint states the required account information, the basis for interest, fees and attorney fees, that it currently owns the debt, and that the suit is within the limitations period — and it must attach a copy of the document showing you agreed to the debt.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption: $80,000 ($160,000 in some households)

Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 14, § 4422(1)(1)(A)–(B)

Maine protects up to $80,000 of your interest in the home you or a dependent live in. The amount is higher ($160,000 under the statute) if minor dependents live with you or if you are 60 or older or disabled. The figures are adjusted for inflation every few years.

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Maryland

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Maryland: no debt-buyer lawsuit without the documents

Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-1203

In Maryland a debt buyer may not file a consumer debt lawsuit unless it already has proof the debt exists, the account terms (with a narrow card exception), and proof of ownership including every prior owner. Unless the case ends by judgment on affidavit, the court cannot rule for the debt buyer without that evidence. Suits after the limitations period are barred and a later payment does not revive the debt.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Maryland: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. §§ 5-101, 5-1202

In Maryland, a creditor generally has 3 years to sue. A payment or promise made after the period has run does not revive or extend it (§ 5-1202(b)). After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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Massachusetts

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Massachusetts: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

M.G.L. c. 260, § 2

In Massachusetts, a creditor generally has 6 years to sue on a contract. Be careful: this pass did not confirm whether a payment can restart the clock in this state, so get advice before paying on an old debt. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

No deficiency unless you got a 21-day warning before the sale

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 244, § 17B

A Massachusetts lender cannot sue you for a deficiency after a foreclosure sale unless it mailed you a written warning of liability at least 21 days before the sale and swore to that mailing within 30 days after. The lender also has only a limited time to sue.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead: $125,000 automatic, up to $1,000,000 if you record a declaration

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 188, § 1

Massachusetts automatically protects $125,000 of equity in your home from most creditors. If you record a Declaration of Homestead at the Registry of Deeds, the protection rises to $1,000,000. Recording is inexpensive and can be done before any debt problem.

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Michigan

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption: small against ordinary creditors, larger in bankruptcy

MCL 600.6023(1)(g)

Outside bankruptcy, Michigan protects a homestead you own and live in up to $3,500 in value, on up to 40 acres or one lot in a city. In bankruptcy, a larger state homestead exemption applies (more if you are 65 or older or disabled), or you may choose the federal list.

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Minnesota

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Minnesota: proof required before a default judgment on bought debt

Minn. Stat. § 548.101

In Minnesota, anyone asking for a default judgment on an assigned consumer debt must file the original contract (or other proof of the account terms), proof you owe it, proof the amount is right with a breakdown of added charges, and a complete chain of assignment from the original creditor including a bill of sale showing your account.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Minnesota: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

Minn. Stat. § 541.05, subd. 1(1)

In Minnesota, a creditor generally has 6 years to sue on a contract. Be careful: this pass did not confirm whether a payment can restart the clock in this state, so get advice before paying on an old debt. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

No deficiency after most foreclosures by advertisement

Minn. Stat. § 582.30subd. 2

If your Minnesota mortgage is foreclosed by advertisement with a six-month or five-week redemption period, the lender cannot get a deficiency judgment against you for the rest of the debt.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption of about half a million dollars

Minn. Stat. § 510.02subd. 1–2

Minnesota protects a large amount of equity in the home you live in: the statute sets $510,000 ($1,275,000 if used mainly for farming), and the figures are adjusted periodically for inflation. Our state profile reports $540,000 ($1,350,000 agricultural) from July 1, 2026.

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Mississippi

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption up to $75,000

Miss. Code Ann. § 85-3-21

Mississippi protects the homestead of a householder, up to 160 acres and $75,000 in value, from most creditors.

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Missouri

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Missouri: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 516.120, 516.110

In Missouri, a creditor generally has 5 years to sue on most contracts, but 10 years on a writing promising to pay money — and which one covers a credit card is disputed. Be careful: this pass did not confirm whether a payment can restart the clock in this state, so get advice before paying on an old debt. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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Montana

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

No deficiency after a trustee’s sale

Mont. Code Ann. § 71-1-317

When a Montana trust indenture is foreclosed by advertisement and sale (outside court), the lender cannot sue you or get a judgment for the remaining debt.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption (value set by statute, rising each year)

Mont. Code Ann. § 70-32-104

Montana protects a homestead up to a value set in the statute. Our state profile reports a $350,000 base from 2021 that rises 4% each January (about $425,829 in 2026). You generally must record a declaration of homestead to claim it.

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Nebraska

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption up to $120,000

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 40-101

Each person living in Nebraska may protect a homestead worth up to $120,000 — the house they live in and its land (within acreage limits) — from judgment liens and forced sale.

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Nevada

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead protected up to $605,000 in equity

Nev. Rev. Stat. § 115.010(1), (2)

A recorded Nevada homestead is not subject to forced sale by judgment creditors for equity up to $605,000. You must record a declaration of homestead to claim it.

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New Hampshire

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead right of $400,000

N.H. Rev. Stat. § 480:1

Every person in New Hampshire is entitled to $400,000 worth of their homestead as protected from most creditors. It covers houses, condos, co-ops and owned manufactured housing used as a dwelling.

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New Mexico

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption of $150,000

N.M. Stat. Ann. § 42-10-9(B)

New Mexico lets a person protect up to $150,000 in their home from most creditors.

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New York

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

New York: consumer debt lawsuits must attach the contract and itemize

N.Y. CPLR 3016(j)

In New York, a lawsuit on a consumer credit debt must attach the contract (or, for revolving accounts, the charge-off statement) and list the original creditor, the last four account digits, the last payment, and an itemized breakdown of what is claimed. Such suits must be filed within 3 years, and a later payment does not revive an expired claim.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

New York: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

N.Y. CPLR 214-i

In New York, a creditor has 3 years to sue you on a consumer credit debt. After the period expires, a payment or promise does not revive or extend it. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State court ruleVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption from money judgments

N.Y. C.P.L.R. 5206(a)

New York protects equity in your principal residence from ordinary money judgments up to a dollar limit that depends on your county. The statute sets three county tiers, and the amounts are adjusted for inflation every three years (about $102,400 to $204,825 as of April 2024).

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North Carolina

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

North Carolina: debt buyers need proof before collecting or suing

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 58-70-115(4)–(6)

In North Carolina a debt buyer may not sue or even try to collect without valid proof it owns your account and reasonable verification of the amount, including a copy of the contract and an itemized accounting. It must send you a written notice with those documents at least 30 days before suing. A lawsuit must attach the signed contract (or card-use records) and every assignment in the chain of ownership, or it must be dismissed.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

North Carolina: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52(1)

In North Carolina, a creditor generally has 3 years to sue on a contract. A debt buyer may not sue or try to collect a debt it knows is time-barred (G.S. 58-70-115(4)). After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Residence exemption from creditors

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1C-1601(a)(1)

North Carolina lets you protect up to $35,000 of your interest in the home you or a dependent live in from judgment creditors. An unmarried debtor 65 or older may protect up to $60,000 if the property was owned with a spouse who has died.

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North Dakota

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption up to $150,000

N.D. Cent. Code § 47-18-01

North Dakota protects the land and home you live in from judgment liens and forced sale, up to $150,000 in value above liens and mortgages.

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Ohio

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Ohio: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.07(C)

In Ohio, a creditor has 6 years to sue on a consumer transaction, written or not, counted from 30 days after the last charge or payment. A payment while the period is running restarts the count (it runs from the later of the last charge or payment). After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Two-year limit on collecting a home deficiency judgment

Ohio Rev. Code § 2329.08

For a mortgage on a one- or two-family home or farm dwelling, a deficiency judgment becomes unenforceable two years after the court confirms the foreclosure sale. Collection efforts started within those two years are not affected.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption for your residence

Ohio Rev. Code § 2329.66(A)(1)

Ohio lets you protect a set amount of equity in the home you or a dependent live in from judgment creditors. The statute text shows a base of $125,000; the amount is adjusted every three years (about $182,625 from April 2025).

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Oklahoma

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exempt from forced sale for most debts

Okla. Stat. tit. 31, § 1(A)(1)

Oklahoma protects the home that is your principal residence from attachment and forced sale by most creditors, with no dollar cap within the acreage limits (1 acre in a city or town, 160 acres rural). Limits apply if part of it is used for business.

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Oregon

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Oregon: a debt buyer's lawsuit must itemize the debt

Or. Rev. Stat. § 646A.670

In Oregon a debt buyer suing on purchased debt must state in its first court filing the original creditor, the current owner, the last four digits of the account, a detailed itemization (last payment, charge-off balance, interest, fees and attorney fees sought) and the date it bought the debt.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption (base $150,000, indexed)

Or. Rev. Stat. § 18.395(1)

Oregon protects your homestead from sale on execution and most debts up to a set value. The statute states $150,000 (more when two or more household members are debtors), and the amount is adjusted yearly for inflation (about $158,300 from July 2026).

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Pennsylvania

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Pennsylvania: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

42 Pa.C.S. § 5525(a)

In Pennsylvania, a creditor generally has 4 years to sue on a contract, written or not. Be careful: this pass did not confirm whether a payment can restart the clock in this state, so get advice before paying on an old debt. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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Rhode Island

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead estate up to $500,000

R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-26-4.1

An owner who occupies (or intends to occupy) a home as a principal residence may have an estate of homestead of up to $500,000 protected from many creditors.

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South Carolina

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

South Carolina: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

S.C. Code § 15-3-530(1)

In South Carolina, a creditor generally has 3 years to sue on a contract. Be careful: this pass did not confirm whether a payment can restart the clock in this state, so get advice before paying on an old debt. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Residence exemption from levy and sale

S.C. Code § 15-41-30(A)(1)

South Carolina protects your interest in the home you or a dependent live in from levy and sale by creditors, up to an indexed amount. The statute text shows a base of $50,000 per debtor; it is adjusted for inflation (about $80,125 as of July 2026).

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South Dakota

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Family homestead exempt from judicial sale

S.D. Codified Laws § 43-31-1

The homestead of every South Dakota resident family is exempt from judicial sale, judgment liens and court process, within the limits the law sets (acreage limits; a dollar cap applies for some owners, such as those 70 and older).

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Tennessee

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption of $35,000

Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-2-301(a)

Tennessee protects up to $35,000 of value in your principal residence from most creditors (the statute sets other amounts for some situations, such as joint owners).

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Texas

State constitutionVerified Sep 23, 2026

Your homestead is protected from forced sale for most debts

Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 50(a)

The Texas Constitution protects a family’s or single adult’s homestead from forced sale for almost all debts. The protection has no dollar cap; it is limited by land size (10 acres in a town or city; up to 200 acres rural for a family, 100 for a single adult). Only listed debts — like the purchase loan, property taxes, valid home-equity loans and home-improvement liens — can force a sale.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Texas: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 16.004; Tex. Fin. Code § 392.307

In Texas, a creditor generally has 4 years to sue on a debt or an open account. For debt buyers, a payment or reaffirmation does not revive an expired claim, and the buyer must give a special notice when collecting a time-barred debt (Fin. Code § 392.307). After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Limits on HOA foreclosure: no sale for fines only, court order required

Tex. Prop. Code § 209.009

A Texas HOA may not foreclose if what you owe is only fines (or lawyer fees tied only to fines). To foreclose an assessment lien, the HOA must first get a court order, usually through the expedited Rule 736 process. Before charging you collection-agency fees, it must send a certified letter giving you at least 45 days to pay.

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Utah

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption for your primary residence

Utah Code § 78B-5-503(2)(a)

Utah protects a primary personal residence (up to one acre) from creditors up to an indexed amount. The statute text shows $42,000 for a primary residence; the amount is adjusted for inflation (about $53,700 today). You must file a homestead declaration to claim it.

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Vermont

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption of $125,000

Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 27, § 101

Vermont protects your homestead — the dwelling house, outbuildings and land used with them — up to $125,000 in value from attachment and execution.

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Virginia

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Virginia: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

Va. Code § 8.01-246(2), (4)

In Virginia, a creditor generally has 5 years to sue on a signed written contract and 3 years on an unwritten or unsigned one. Be careful: this pass did not confirm whether a payment can restart the clock in this state, so get advice before paying on an old debt. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption, including $50,000 for your principal residence

Va. Code § 34-4

Every Virginia householder may protect up to $5,000 of property ($10,000 if 65 or older) from creditors, plus up to $50,000 in property used as the principal residence of the householder or dependents. More is allowed for each dependent.

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Washington

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Washington: a debt buyer's lawsuit must attach the signed agreement

RCW 19.16.260(2)

In Washington a debt buyer may not sue without attaching the signed contract (or, for credit cards without one, the latest monthly statement showing use), and cannot get judgment without business-record proof of the amount and every assignment showing an unbroken chain of ownership from the original creditor.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Washington: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

RCW 4.16.040, 4.16.080

In Washington, a creditor generally has 6 years to sue on a written contract or an account receivable, and 3 years on an unwritten contract. Be careful: this pass did not confirm whether a payment can restart the clock in this state, so get advice before paying on an old debt. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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West Virginia

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Right to 10 days’ notice and a chance to cure

W. Va. Code § 46A-2-106

Under the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act, after a default on a consumer loan the creditor may not accelerate or foreclose until ten days after giving you notice of your right to cure. During those days you can cure by paying the unpaid amounts (without acceleration) plus any delinquency charges.

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption ($5,000; more in bankruptcy)

W. Va. Code § 38-9-1

A West Virginia head of household who owns a homestead has a homestead exemption of $5,000 by operation of law. In bankruptcy, a larger state exemption (about $35,000) is available under a separate section.

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Wisconsin

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Wisconsin: time limit to sue on a consumer debt

Wis. Stat. § 893.43(1)

In Wisconsin, a creditor generally has 6 years to sue on a contract. Be careful: this pass did not confirm whether a payment can restart the clock in this state, so get advice before paying on an old debt. After the period runs, a debt collector may not sue or threaten to sue (Reg F § 1006.26(b)).

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State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption of $75,000 per owner

Wis. Stat. § 815.20(1)

Wisconsin protects your homestead from most judgments and debts up to $75,000; each spouse may claim up to $75,000. If you sell, the protection follows the sale money for two years while you plan to buy another home.

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Wyoming

State lawVerified Sep 23, 2026

Homestead exemption of $100,000

Wyo. Stat. § 1-20-101

Every Wyoming resident is entitled to a homestead worth up to $100,000 exempt from execution and attachment for most debts. When two or more people jointly own and occupy the home, each can claim the exemption.

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